Understand Chord Progressions Through Roman Numerals
Roman numeral analysis is the most powerful tool for understanding how chord progressions work across different keys. Instead of memorizing individual chord names, you learn patterns. The numeral I always represents the tonic (home chord), IV the subdominant, and V the dominant — regardless of what key you're in.
This means a I–V–vi–IV progression in C major uses C, G, Am, F. The same progression in G major uses G, D, Em, C. The function stays the same even though the note names change.
Capital vs. Lowercase Roman Numerals
Uppercase numerals (I, IV, V) represent major chords. Lowercase numerals (ii, iii, vi) represent minor chords. The vii° chord is diminished. This distinction matters because it tells you the emotional quality of each chord in the progression.